Volume 7 Issue 2 2026

This Natu ral aggregates are beco min g increasingly scarce and their produ ction is beco min g mo re difficult. Steel slag is an industrial b y product obtained fro m th e steel manu factu ring industry. Steel slag can be used in th e con struction as fine aggregates in concrete b y replacin g natural aggregates. Steel slag is currently u sed as aggregate in hot mix as ph alt su rface applications, but there is a n eed for so me additional wo rk to determin e th e feasibility o f utilizin g this industrial b y -product more wisely as a replacement fo r both fine and coarse aggregates in a con vention al con crete mixtu re. Mo st o f th e v olu me o f concrete is aggregates. Replacin g all or so me p ortion of natu ral aggregates with steel slag would lead to considerable environ mental beniefits. Th e aim o f experiment is to find the maximum content o f steel slag as partial replacement o f M -sand in concrete. Th e percent o f steel slag as partial replacement to M -sand in concrete are 0 %, 10%, 20 %, 30%,40%, M25 grade Concrete, th e co mpressive strength test, Split tensile strength and flexural strength test. From th e experimental studies partial replacement o f M-sand with steel slag imp roved the harden concrete properties like Strength, Split tensile an d flexural stren gth. Th e results obtain ed fro m this work is expected to be useful in determining the strength and ductility o f Elements subjected to similar types of forces and thus will help to ward designing elements to with stand flexural loading.

Serratiopeptidase, a zinc-dependent metalloprotease produced by Serratia marcescens, is widely recognized for its therapeutic applications, notably in anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic treatments. Despite its pharmaceutical significance, efficient large-scale purification remains a challenge due to complex downstream processing requirements. This study presents a systematic approach to optimize the downstream processing of serratiopeptidase, focusing on membrane-based clarification and controlled crystallization. The fermentation broth was first clarified using microfiltration to remove biomass and insoluble particulates, followed by ultrafiltration to concentrate the enzyme and reduce process volume while preserving enzymatic activity. Crystallization parameters—including pH, temperature, and solvent system—were individually evaluated to enhance product yield and purity. The optimal conditions were identified as pH 6.0, a temperature range of 0–5°C, and acetone as the anti-solvent, resulting in a maximum yield of 62.86% and activity of 2535 units/mg, meeting pharmacopeial standards. The integrated process significantly improved recovery, reproducibility, and scalability, offering a robust purification strategy suitable for pharmaceutical production. This work provides valuable insights for developing efficient and compliant purification platforms for industrial-scale enzyme manufacturing.

In this article, we propose a new generalized framework, termed an F-modular bcomplete metric space, which naturally combines the features of modular metric spaces, b-metric spaces, and F-metric spaces. This structure allows a unified treatment of several distance-type notions that have appeared independently in the literature. Within this setting, we establish analogues of classical fixed point results, including Banach, Kannan, Chatterjea, and several rational-type contraction principles for self-mappings. The obtained results extend and refine many existing fixed point theorems in generalized metric spaces. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework, one of the derived fixed point theorems is used to establish the existence and uniqueness of a solution of a nonlinear integral equation.

The goal of this work is to present the notions of tri-value fuzzy soft ideal, tri-value equivalent fuzzy soft ideals of hemi-rings. Some properties and characteristics of them are given. Some examples are given. Lastly, we examine aggregative tri-valued fuzzy ideals of hemi-rings created on selection taking.

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) using key performance indicators (KPIs) and statistical correlation analysis. Influent and effluent parameters—including Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), pH, faecal coliforms, and flow—were monitored over July 2024 to July 2025. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between influent COD and BOD (r = 0.97), indicating that variations in organic load are closely linked to biodegradable content. Moderate correlation between COD_in and TSS_in (r = 0.65) reflects the contribution of suspended solids to oxygen demand, while flow showed low-to-moderate influence on pollutant concentrations (r = 0.50–0.58). Effluent COD and BOD maintained strong correlations with influent values (r = 0.85 and 0.80), demonstrating that influent characteristics significantly impact treatment performance. The STP exhibited high removal efficiencies, consistently achieving COD, BOD, and TSS reductions above 88%, 95%, and 95%, respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) system and emphasize the utility of correlation-based monitoring for operational optimization, predictive control, and regulatory compliance in wastewater management.

Background: In India, school-age children encounter a wide range of environmental, cultural, and infrastructure factors that may influence their perspectives on physical education (PE) and physical activity. There is still a lack of comparative, region-sensitive evidence. Purpose: The goal is to investigate and contrast the general attitudes of school children in Punjab, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) regarding four important areas of physical education viz. physical fitness, basic game skills, attitude toward PE classes, and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Methods: After completing a three-month training program, 72 final-year B.P.Ed. studentteachers implemented standardized physical education instructional units in government and private schools that were purposefully chosen throughout the three states. The Post-Physical Education Program Training Questionnaire (12 Likert-scaled items; 4 domains) was filled out by students in Grades 8–10 (N=270; 30 per state per comparison group; balanced urban/rural mix). Instrument content validity was established by expert review; internal consistency reliability exceeded α=0.80. Independent‑samples t tests examined pairwise state differences; one‑way ANOVA tested overall group differences. Findings: Students from Punjab had the most positive overall attitudes (M=48.13, SD=1.64), followed by those from J&K (M=45.66, SD=2.15) and Rajasthan (M=42.79, SD=2.63). At p<.01 (ts≥3.00), all three pairwise comparisons were significant. ANOVA confirmed a strong overall effect, F(2,87)=92.70, p<.01; MS_between=427.85; MS_within=4.61. Conclusions: Perceptions of PE-related outcomes among students vary markedly by state and seem to be influenced by contextual factors, such as sports culture in Punjab, climatic and infrastructure limitations in Rajasthan, and geopolitical/climatic disruptions in J&K. Results back up the creation of region-responsive PE curricula, targeted infrastructure investment, and teacher training to promote equitable engagement in physical activity across India.

Ditfurth and Arzt highlight the continuous, evolutionary process of general vehicle development from the horse-drawn carriage to the steam vehicle and eventually up to the internal combustion engine vehicle of today. Mutation and selection shaped this development to best meet customer needs. Technical, infrastructural and sociocultural requirements and needs are decisive. Thus, it was also a process of balancing different desires for human transportation and mobility culture: the vehicle as an urban, touring, racing, and luxury means of transport. Especially the transfer from the electric vehicle to the gasoline vehicle transformed the latter from a purely adventurous and speedy option to a more utilitarian mobility solution. Through the rising similarities in car features, price and the affordability – socioeconomic advantages of the gasoline car – became decisive prerequisites for the mass motorisation. In the 21st century the development of sustainable mobility solutions takes place between different drive systems. The acceptance of the public and the (potential) customers, as well as a sustainably value-creating business model for the OEMs and the customers, are prerequisites for the successful future of sustainable automotive mobility worldwide.